With this Hindi video tutorial, you will learn about pointer arithmetic in C Programming language (addition and subtraction) in detail with example. You will learn which arithmetic operations are available in pointers, how pointer addition and subtraction works, what happens when we increment and decrement pointers, how to use sizeof to get the number of bytes takes to store a value in detail. Get the SOURCE CODE for this tutorial in our website LearningLad in social media facebook twitter Google+.
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators −. Arithmetic Operators. Relational Operators.
Logical Operators. Bitwise Operators. Assignment Operators.
Misc Operators We will, in this chapter, look into the way each operator works. Arithmetic Operators The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by the C language. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then − Operator Description Example + Adds two operands. A + B = 30 − Subtracts second operand from the first. A − B = -10. Multiplies both operands. A.
B = 200 / Divides numerator by de-numerator. B / A = 2% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division. B% A = 0 Increment operator increases the integer value by one. A = 11 - Decrement operator decreases the integer value by one.
A- = 9 Relational Operators The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then − Operator Description Example Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A B) is not true.!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true.
(A!= B) is true. Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A B) is not true. = Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand.
If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A = B) is not true.
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. A 2 = 15 i.e., 0000 1111 Assignment Operators The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language − Operator Description Example = Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C += Add AND assignment operator.
It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. C += A is equivalent to C = C + A -= Subtract AND assignment operator.
It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A.= Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
C.= A is equivalent to C = C. A /= Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A%= Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
C%= A is equivalent to C = C% A = Right shift AND assignment operator. C = 2 is same as C = C 2 &= Bitwise AND assignment operator.
C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2 ^= Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2 = Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. C = 2 is same as C = C 2 Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary Besides the operators discussed above, there are a few other important operators including sizeof and?: supported by the C Language. Operator Description Example sizeof Returns the size of a variable. Sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.
& Returns the address of a variable. &a; returns the actual address of the variable. Pointer to a variable.a;?: Conditional Expression. If Condition is true? Then value X: otherwise value Y Operators Precedence in C Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and decides how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has a higher precedence than the addition operator. For example, x = 7 + 3.
2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator. has a higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3.2 and then adds into 7. Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first. Category Operator Associativity Postfix -. -Left to right Unary + -!
-(type). & sizeof Right to left Multiplicative.
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/% Left to right Additive + - Left to right Shift Left to right Relational = Left to right Equality != Left to right Bitwise AND & Left to right Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right Bitwise OR Left to right Logical AND && Left to right Logical OR Left to right Conditional?: Right to left Assignment = += -=.= /=%.
Arithmetic in C Most C programs perform calculations using the C arithmetic operators (Fig. The asterisk (. ) indicates multiplication and the percent sign (%) denotes the remainder operator, which is introduced below. In algebra, to multiply a times b, we simply place these single-letter variable names side by side, as in ab.
In C, however, if we were to do this, ab would be interpreted as a single, two-letter name (or identifier). Therefore, multiplication must be explicitly denoted by using the.
operator, as in a. b. The arithmetic operators are all binary operators. For example, the expression 3 + 7 contains the binary operator + and the operands 3 and 7. Arithmetic operators.
C operation Arithmetic operator Algebraic expression C expression Addition + f + 7 f + 7 Subtraction – p – c p - c Multiplication. bm b.
m Division / x / y or or x ÷ y x / y Remainder% r mod s r% s Integer Division and the Remainder Operator Integer division yields an integer result. For example, the expression 7 / 4 evaluates to 1 and the expression 17 / 5 evaluates to 3. Gamewell fire alarm master key. C provides the remainder operator,%, which yields the remainder after integer division. The remainder operator is an integer operator that can be used only with integer operands. The expression x% y yields the remainder after x is divided by y.
Thus, 7% 4 yields 3 and 17% 5 yields 2. We’ll discuss many interesting applications of the remainder operator. Common Programming Error 2.4 An attempt to divide by zero is normally undefined on computer systems and generally results in a fatal error, i.e., an error that causes the program to terminate immediately without having successfully performed its job.
Nonfatal errors allow programs to run to completion, often producing incorrect results. Arithmetic Expressions in Straight-Line Form Arithmetic expressions in C must be written in straight-line form to facilitate entering programs into the computer. Thus, expressions such as “ a divided by b” must be written as a/b so that all operators and operands appear in a straight line.
The algebraic notation. Is generally not acceptable to compilers, although some special-purpose software packages do support more natural notation for complex mathematical expressions. Parentheses for Grouping Subexpressions Parentheses are used in C expressions in the same manner as in algebraic expressions.
For example, to multiply a times the quantity b + c we write a. ( b + c ). Rules of Operator Precedence C applies the operators in arithmetic expressions in a precise sequence determined by the following rules of operator precedence, which are generally the same as those in algebra:. Operators in expressions contained within pairs of parentheses are evaluated first. Parentheses are said to be at the “highest level of precedence.” In cases of nested, or embedded, parentheses, such as ( ( a + b ) + c ) the operators in the innermost pair of parentheses are applied first. Multiplication, division and remainder operations are applied next. If an expression contains several multiplication, division and remainder operations, evaluation proceeds from left to right.
Multiplication, division and remainder are said to be on the same level of precedence. Addition and subtraction operations are evaluated next. If an expression contains several addition and subtraction operations, evaluation proceeds from left to right. Addition and subtraction also have the same level of precedence, which is lower than the precedence of the multiplication, division and remainder operations. The assignment operator ( =) is evaluated last. The rules of operator precedence specify the order C uses to evaluate expressions. When we say evaluation proceeds from left to right, we’re referring to the associativity of the operators.
We’ll see that some operators associate from right to left. Figure 2.7 summarizes these rules of operator precedence for the operators we’ve seen so far. Precedence of arithmetic operators.
Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence) ( ) Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level” (i.e., not nested), they’re evaluated left to right. /% MultiplicationDivision Remainder Evaluated second.
If there are several, they’re evaluated left to right. + - AdditionSubtraction Evaluated third. If there are several, they’re evaluated left to right. = Assignment Evaluated last. Sample Algebraic and C Expressions Now let’s consider several expressions in light of the rules of operator precedence.
Arithmetic Coding Matlab
Each example lists an algebraic expression and its C equivalent. The following expression calculates the arithmetic mean (average) of five terms. The circled numbers indicate the order in which C evaluates the operators. The multiplication, remainder and division are evaluated first in left-to-right order (i.e., they associate from left to right) because they have higher precedence than addition and subtraction. The addition and subtraction are evaluated next. They’re also evaluated left to right.
Binary Arithmetic Coding
Finally, the result is assigned to the variable z. Not all expressions with several pairs of parentheses contain nested parentheses.
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For example, the following expression does not contain nested parentheses—instead, the parentheses are said to be “on the same level.” a. ( b + c ) + c. ( d + e ) Evaluation of a Second-Degree Polynomial To develop a better understanding of the rules of operator precedence, let’s see how C evaluates a second-degree polynomial. The circled numbers under the statement indicate the order in which C performs the operations. There’s no arithmetic operator for exponentiation in C, so we’ve represented x 2 as x. x.
Coding Programs For Free
The C Standard Library includes the pow (“power”) function to perform exponentiation. Because of some subtle issues related to the data types required by pow, we defer a detailed explanation of pow until Chapter 4. Suppose variables a, b, c and x in the preceding second-degree polynomial are initialized as follows: a = 2, b = 3, c = 7 and x = 5.
Illustrates the order in which the operators are applied. As in algebra, it’s acceptable to place unnecessary parentheses in an expression to make the expression clearer. These are called redundant parentheses. For example, the preceding statement could be parenthesized as follows: y = ( a.
x. x ) + ( b. x ) + c.